A wheel-rail contact formulation for analyzing the train-structure nonlinear interaction that takes into\udaccount the wheel and rail geometry is proposed. Most of the existing methods treat the contact forces as\udexternal forces, whereas the present formulation uses a finite element to model the behavior in the contact\udinterface, based on Hertz's theory and Kalker's laws. The equations of motion are complemented with\udconstraint equations that relate the displacements of the vehicle and structure, being the complete system\udsolved directly using an optimized algorithm. The formulation is validated with experimental data from a test performed on a rolling stock plant.
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